Does learning C++ really involve as much ambiguity of resources as I think it does, or am I overthinking it? Should I just try to start somewhere? Because it's been weeks now and I still get conflicting examples everywhere...

C++ is an overcomplicated language, with contradictory best practices.
My advice is to "just start", be strict with yourself to not let yourself slip into spaghetti!

C++ has been here for a long time and there are different standards of it hence the ambiguity. So it'd be good for you to learn about those standards, choose one (probably the latest one) and stick to it unless you'll need to user different one 😉

I'm learning it myself right now and it is very gratifying when you make a breakthrough so just bunker down and stick with it